Creativity, often celebrated as the pinnacle of human expression and innovation, is a multifaceted phenomenon that encompasses a spectrum of cognitive and emotional processes. Traditional views of creativity tend to focus on either the spontaneous, intuitive side or the deliberate, analytical side, but such dichotomies can obscure the richness of creative potential, especially within neurodivergent individuals. The Creative Spectrum model presents a novel framework that reimagines creativity by drawing a direct parallel with the empathy spectrum, emphasizing how different forms of creativity correspond to various types of empathy: Somatic Creativity with Affective Empathy, Cognitive Creativity with Cognitive Empathy, and Creative Intelligence with Compassionate Empathy.
The core premise of this paper is that creativity, much like empathy, is not merely a collection of distinct abilities but a dynamic process that becomes exponentially powerful when different forms of intelligence are integrated. The Creative Spectrum not only identifies the individual components of creativity but also explores the transformative potential that emerges when these components are synthesized, leading to a higher-order creativity that parallels the integrative and action-oriented nature of Compassionate Empathy.
By situating the Creative Spectrum within the context of existing theories, such as Csikszentmihalyi’s Systems Model of Creativity and Kaufman and Beghetto’s Four C Model of Creativity, this paper seeks to offer a comprehensive understanding of how neurodiversity contributes to creative expression. Additionally, it explores the implications of this model in practical settings such as education, therapy, and the workplace, and discusses the ethical considerations involved in recognizing and nurturing diverse forms of creativity.
In an era where artificial intelligence (AI) increasingly automates cognitive tasks, understanding and cultivating this integrated form of creativity is more crucial than ever. The Creative Spectrum model not only highlights the importance of balancing somatic and cognitive creativity but also emphasizes how their integration—much like the union of cognitive and affective empathy into compassionate empathy—unlocks a creative intelligence capable of driving profound innovation and human progress.
Theoretical Framework
The Creative Spectrum Model: An Overview
The Creative Spectrum model redefines how we understand creativity by mapping it onto the empathy spectrum, which distinguishes between three key forms of empathy: affective, cognitive, and compassionate. Similarly, the Creative Spectrum identifies three corresponding forms of creativity: Somatic Creativity, Cognitive Creativity, and Creative Intelligence.
Somatic Creativity is akin to Affective Empathy. It involves spontaneous, physically expressed creativity that emerges from an instinctual, emotional engagement with the world. This form of creativity is characterized by immediate, embodied responses, much like how affective empathy involves an emotional, often visceral reaction to others' emotions.
Cognitive Creativity parallels Cognitive Empathy. It is the creativity of the mind, involving abstract thinking, planning, and systematic problem-solving. Cognitive Creativity requires intellectual effort, much like cognitive empathy, which involves understanding another's mental state through thoughtful consideration and analysis.
Creative Intelligence corresponds to Compassionate Empathy. Just as compassionate empathy integrates both affective and cognitive empathy to inspire action, Creative Intelligence is the synthesis of somatic and cognitive creativity. This integrative form of creativity represents a higher-order thinking that transcends the capabilities of somatic or cognitive creativity alone. It allows individuals to envision and execute complex, multidimensional projects that require both physical and mental engagement, embodying a holistic approach to problem-solving and innovation.
Exponential Power through Integration
The integration of somatic and cognitive creativity within the Creative Spectrum model mirrors the transformative power seen in compassionate empathy. When these forms of intelligence are combined, they do not merely add up to a sum of their parts; rather, they interact synergistically to produce a new form of creative expression that is exponentially more powerful.
This exponential creativity is akin to the effect of compassionate empathy, where the combination of understanding and feeling for another leads to meaningful, impactful action. In creativity, the integration of somatic and cognitive processes results in Creative Intelligence—a form of creativity that is not only innovative but also deeply rooted in the ability to navigate complex, real-world challenges. This higher-order creativity is marked by an intuitive grasp of how to synthesize disparate ideas and a refined ability to execute creative visions that resonate both emotionally and intellectually.
The Creative Spectrum model, therefore, challenges the notion that creativity can be fully understood by isolating its components. Instead, it highlights the importance of fostering environments and educational systems that encourage the integration of somatic and cognitive creativity. By doing so, we can cultivate Creative Intelligence—unlocking a type of creativity that is not only profound in its depth but also broad in its application, capable of driving innovation across multiple domains.
Literature Review
The Creative Spectrum model builds upon and expands established theories of creativity by integrating insights from Csikszentmihalyi’s Systems Model of Creativity and Kaufman and Beghetto’s Four C Model of Creativity. By comparing these theories, the Creative Spectrum model emerges as a comprehensive framework that not only categorizes creativity but also emphasizes the exponential power of integrating somatic and cognitive processes.
Csikszentmihalyi’s Systems Model of Creativity
Csikszentmihalyi’s Systems Model of Creativity posits that creativity arises from the dynamic interaction between an individual, their domain of expertise, and the surrounding social field. According to this model, creativity is not an isolated phenomenon but a systemic process where an individual’s creative contributions are validated and adopted by a broader cultural or social context. This theory highlights the importance of environment and context in the creative process, emphasizing that creativity is not just a personal trait but a product of complex interactions.
The Creative Spectrum model complements this by offering a detailed exploration of the individual’s internal processes that contribute to creativity. Where Csikszentmihalyi’s model focuses on the external validation and adoption of creativity, the Creative Spectrum delves into the types of creativity that individuals can produce—Somatic, Cognitive, and Creative Intelligence—and how these forms interact to produce outcomes that are exponentially greater than the sum of their parts. By integrating somatic and cognitive creativity, individuals can tap into Creative Intelligence, which allows them to create in ways that are not just innovative but deeply resonant with both the creator and the broader community, thereby increasing the likelihood of external validation and adoption.
Kaufman and Beghetto’s Four C Model of Creativity
Kaufman and Beghetto’s Four C Model of Creativity categorizes creativity into four levels: mini-c (personal insights), little-c (everyday creativity), Pro-C (professional creativity), and Big-C (eminent creativity). This model helps to recognize creativity across different scales and contexts, from the personal and mundane to the professional and historically significant.
The Creative Spectrum model integrates seamlessly with the Four C Model by offering a lens through which to understand how different forms of creativity manifest at each level. Somatic Creativity often aligns with mini-c and little-c creativity, as it involves personal, spontaneous, and often physical expressions of creativity that may not always be recognized by others but are essential to the individual’s cognitive and emotional development. Cognitive Creativity can be seen in Pro-C creativity, where systematic thinking, problem-solving, and planning are crucial for professional creative endeavors. Creative Intelligence, representing the integration of both somatic and cognitive creativity, corresponds to Big-C creativity, where groundbreaking and historically significant creative achievements emerge. This integration leads to a form of creativity that is not only significant in its impact but also sustainable and adaptable, capable of influencing future generations.
Integration and Expansion
The Creative Spectrum model expands upon these established theories by emphasizing the exponential power of integrated creativity. While Csikszentmihalyi’s and Kaufman and Beghetto’s models provide valuable frameworks for understanding the environment and levels of creativity, the Creative Spectrum focuses on the internal, psychological processes that drive creativity. It suggests that by fostering an environment where somatic and cognitive creativity are equally valued and integrated, individuals can achieve a form of Creative Intelligence that is not just additive but multiplicative in its impact.
This synthesis also underscores the importance of recognizing neurodiversity in creative processes. Traditional models may overlook the unique ways in which neurodivergent individuals integrate somatic and cognitive experiences to produce creative outcomes. The Creative Spectrum model advocates for a broader recognition of these diverse pathways to creativity, suggesting that true creative innovation often arises from these integrated, and sometimes unconventional, approaches.
Results and Discussion
The Creative Spectrum Model: Detailed Components
The Creative Spectrum model outlines three distinct but interconnected forms of creativity: Somatic Creativity, Cognitive Creativity, and Creative Intelligence. Each form corresponds to a type of empathy, reinforcing the idea that creativity, like empathy, can evolve into more complex and integrative forms.
Somatic Creativity (Affective Empathy):Â Somatic Creativity is rooted in physical expression and immediate, visceral responses to stimuli. It is akin to Affective Empathy, where emotional responses are spontaneous and instinctual. Individuals who exhibit Somatic Creativity often engage in activities such as dance, sculpture, or improvisation, where the body plays a central role in the creative process. This form of creativity is deeply connected to the environment and the moment, allowing for expressions that are authentic, raw, and often highly emotive.
Cognitive Creativity (Cognitive Empathy):Â Cognitive Creativity involves more deliberate and structured forms of creativity, paralleling Cognitive Empathy, where understanding others requires intellectual effort. This form of creativity is characterized by abstract thinking, planning, and problem-solving, often seen in disciplines like mathematics, science, and philosophy. Cognitive Creativity allows individuals to conceptualize and develop ideas systematically, resulting in innovations that are well thought out and often involve complex reasoning.
Creative Intelligence (Compassionate Empathy):Â Creative Intelligence represents the synthesis of Somatic and Cognitive Creativity, much like Compassionate Empathy integrates affective and cognitive empathy to drive meaningful action. This integrative form of creativity is exponentially more powerful than its individual components, enabling the creation of complex, multidimensional works that resonate both emotionally and intellectually. Creative Intelligence is evident in projects that require both meticulous planning and spontaneous execution, such as large-scale art installations, architectural designs, or innovative technological solutions. This form of creativity not only solves problems but does so in a way that is deeply connected to human experience, making it both impactful and enduring.
The Exponential Power of Integrated Creativity
In the same way that Compassionate Empathy transcends the sum of cognitive and affective empathy by prompting meaningful action, Creative Intelligence transcends mere technical skill or emotional expression by combining both into a holistic, impactful creative process. This integration results in creative outputs that are not just functional or beautiful but deeply meaningful, addressing both the practical and emotional dimensions of human experience.
Examples of Integrated Creativity
Architecture and Design:Â Creative Intelligence in architecture could lead to the design of spaces that not only meet functional requirements but also foster emotional well-being. For example, a well-designed hospital might not only be efficient and safe but also calming and comforting for patients and staff, thereby improving overall outcomes. This reflects an integration of cognitive design principles with an understanding of human emotional needs.
The Arts:Â In the arts, Creative Intelligence enables the creation of works that engage audiences on multiple levels. A film or a piece of music created with Creative Intelligence might combine technical excellence (cognitive creativity) with emotional storytelling (somatic creativity), leading to an experience that is both intellectually stimulating and emotionally moving. Such works have the power to transform perspectives and evoke deep emotional responses, making them more impactful than works that rely solely on technical skill or emotional expression.
Dynamic Interplay and Exponential Growth
The key to this exponential power lies in the dynamic interplay between somatic and cognitive processes. When these elements are integrated, they do not merely add to each other; they multiply in effect, leading to creative outcomes that are both innovative and deeply aligned with human needs. This is particularly critical in a world that increasingly faces complex, multifaceted challenges that require holistic solutions—solutions that consider not just technical feasibility but also human values, emotions, and well-being.
In a broader context, this integrated approach can be applied across various fields, including education, where nurturing both cognitive and somatic aspects of creativity can help develop individuals who are not only skilled and knowledgeable but also empathetic, innovative, and capable of addressing complex social challenges.
This approach aligns with the principles of infracognition, where deeply integrated cognitive processes lead to exceptional abilities by combining intellectual and emotional intelligence. By recognizing and fostering this integration, we can unlock a level of creativity that is truly transformative, much like how Compassionate Empathy can lead to profound social impact by combining understanding with action​.
Integrating Infracognition with Metacognition: Expanding the Creative Spectrum
The concept of Infracognition represents a deeply integrated cognitive process that intertwines somatic, emotional, and cognitive elements, creating a foundation for exceptional abilities, particularly in individuals with unique cognitive profiles like prodigies and twice-exceptional (2e) learners​​. When we explore the interplay between infracognition and metacognition—which involves higher-order thinking about one’s own cognitive processes—we uncover an exponential potential for creativity that transcends the capabilities of either process alone.
The Interplay Between Infracognition and Metacognition
Metacognition, often described as "thinking about thinking," allows individuals to consciously regulate and optimize their cognitive strategies. It is crucial for tasks that require planning, monitoring, and evaluating one's thought processes, such as problem-solving, learning, and creativity. On the other hand, infracognition involves "thinking about feeling," where cognitive processes are seamlessly integrated with emotional and somatic (bodily) experiences. This includes intuitive pattern recognition, sensory-emotional integration, and embodied simulation​​.
The fusion of these two forms of cognition—metacognition and infracognition—leads to a multiplier effect on creativity. When metacognitive strategies are applied to the outputs of infracognitive processes, individuals can refine and enhance their creative ideas, making them more coherent, impactful, and aligned with both intellectual rigor and emotional resonance. Conversely, infracognition enriches metacognitive processes by grounding them in emotional and sensory experiences, making abstract ideas more tangible and applicable.
Exponential Growth in Creative Outputs
This integration leads to what can be described as exponential growth in creative outputs—creativity that is more than just the sum of its parts. Here’s how the synergy between metacognition and infracognition works:
Enhanced Problem-Solving:Â Infracognition allows for rapid, intuitive responses to complex problems, while metacognition ensures these responses are critically evaluated and refined. This combination results in solutions that are both innovative and well-considered, making them more effective in real-world applications.
Depth of Emotional and Cognitive Engagement:Â While metacognition ensures that creative outputs are logically sound and strategically planned, infracognition infuses these outputs with emotional depth and somatic resonance. This makes the creative work not only intellectually stimulating but also emotionally engaging and meaningful to a wider audience.
Holistic Integration: In domains such as architecture, design, and the arts, this integrated approach enables the creation of works that are functional, aesthetically pleasing, and deeply resonant with human experience. The combined cognitive-emotional engagement ensures that the final product appeals on multiple levels—practical, emotional, and intellectual.
Adaptive Creativity:Â In a rapidly changing world, the ability to adapt and innovate is crucial. The infracognitive-metacognitive synergy supports adaptive creativity by enabling individuals to navigate uncertainty and complexity with both intuition and strategic foresight. This is particularly important for addressing multifaceted challenges that require solutions attuned to human needs.
The interplay between infracognition and metacognition not only enhances creative potential but also transforms it into a holistic process that is exponentially greater than the sum of its parts. By integrating these cognitive processes, individuals can achieve a form of creativity that is innovative, emotionally resonant, and profoundly impactful, making it a crucial asset in fields ranging from education to technology and beyond.
This integrated approach underscores the importance of recognizing and nurturing both metacognitive and infracognitive processes in educational and professional environments to fully unlock human potential​​.
Â
Practical Applications of Creative Intelligence
Education
To truly cultivate Creative Intelligence, we must fundamentally rethink our educational models. The traditional classroom setup—primarily designed for controlling outcomes rather than fostering genuine learning—has become increasingly outdated. Children are innately wired to learn through exploration, play, and experience, rather than through rigid, standardized instruction. The advent of AI offers an unprecedented opportunity to transform learning into a more immersive and experiential process, where AI can manage rote tasks, freeing up time and space for creative exploration.
Immersive learning, where students engage directly with material through hands-on activities, should become the cornerstone of education. This approach not only deepens understanding but also encourages students to connect their physical experiences with abstract concepts, fostering the integrative thinking that characterizes Creative Intelligence. Moving away from the traditional classroom model allows education to become a more natural, intuitive process—one that aligns with how humans are inherently designed to learn.
Moreover, it is essential that educational environments recognize and support the needs of highly sensitive and creative students. These individuals often struggle in conventional settings that prioritize conformity and standardization over individuality and creativity. By creating learning spaces that value and nurture sensitivity and creativity, we can unlock the full potential of these students, who are often the most capable of driving innovation and societal progress.
Therapeutic Settings
The necessity for therapeutic interventions often arises from the artificial environments we have created - environments that stifle natural intelligence and creativity. Schools and other institutions frequently force individuals into purely cognitive modes of operation, neglecting the essential role of somatic experience in healing and growth. However, humans heal and learn best when they can engage both cognitively and somatically.
Creative processes are not merely outlets but essential tools for healing. Trauma, when processed through creativity, becomes a powerful teacher, guiding individuals toward greater self-understanding and resilience. Instead of viewing trauma as a condition to be eradicated, it should be seen as a catalyst for growth—provided we embrace a holistic healing process that integrates physical, emotional, and cognitive aspects of our being. Nurturing this integrative process can break the cycle of dysfunction that has plagued generations and promote genuine healing and empowerment.
It is particularly important to recognize that many highly sensitive and creative individuals have been disproportionately affected by trauma, often due to their unique ways of perceiving and interacting with the world. These individuals require therapeutic environments that are not only supportive but also attuned to their specific needs, allowing them to heal and thrive in a world that often fails to understand them.
Workplace Environments
In the workplace, Creative Intelligence flourishes when freed from the constraints of rigid metrics and the monotony of menial tasks. Creativity is inherently unpredictable and cannot be measured by traditional means. The time required to develop truly novel ideas or solutions is impossible to quantify because such work involves intuition, sensitivity, and deep engagement with the unknown.
Rather than forcing creatives to conform to standardized processes, workplaces should cultivate environments that allow for the free flow of ideas and the integration of diverse cognitive and somatic experiences. This could involve creating collaborative spaces where individuals contribute their unique insights and skills to collective projects, enabling the organic development of innovative solutions. By valuing intuition and sensitivity alongside technical skills, we can ensure that the full spectrum of human creativity is harnessed for the betterment of all.
In addition, it is critical to create work environments that protect and nurture the most sensitive and creative employees. These individuals often bring a depth of insight and originality that is invaluable, yet they are frequently undervalued and even marginalized in conventional corporate settings. By fostering a culture that appreciates and supports their contributions, businesses can not only enhance innovation but also contribute to a more humane and inclusive society.
A Vision for the Future: Creative Communities
In light of the growing societal challenges, we should aspire to create creative communities that embody the principles of the village model. These communities would serve as bastions of safety, healing, and creativity, where education, therapy, and work are not isolated endeavors but integrated aspects of a holistic life experience. For the most sensitive and twice-exceptional (2e) individuals, these communities offer a place where they can heal, grow, learn, and create in an environment that values their unique contributions.
These creative communities would not only cater to the needs of the most sensitive but would also provide therapeutic and educational benefits for all members. By fostering an environment where creativity is nurtured and protected, these communities ensure that everyone can grow, succeed, and contribute to the collective well-being. In such a setting, genius is not the exception but the norm, as the whole becomes greater than the sum of its parts.
Creating and sustaining such communities is crucial for the future of humanity. As society becomes more complex and interconnected, the ability to integrate diverse perspectives and creative approaches will be essential for solving the world's most pressing problems. These communities would stand as models for how to live sustainably and harmoniously, demonstrating that the well-being of the most sensitive among us is not only a moral imperative but also a key to collective survival and thriving.
By focusing on the development of Creative Intelligence through integrative approaches in education, therapy, and workplace environments, we can create a society that values human growth and well-being over mere productivity. This shift not only enriches individual lives but also fosters a more compassionate, innovative, and resilient society. Creativity should be recognized as a fundamental human right and a powerful tool for collective progress, ensuring that we build a future where everyone has the opportunity to thrive.
Moreover, the preservation and nurturing of highly sensitive and creative individuals are paramount. These individuals, often marginalized and misunderstood, hold the keys to the future of humanity. By creating environments where they can thrive, we ensure that their unique contributions continue to drive innovation and progress, paving the way for a brighter, more inclusive future.
Future Research Directions
Neuroimaging and Infracognition Studies: Future research should delve into the neurological basis of Creative Intelligence with a specific focus on infracognition—the deeply integrated cognitive processes that combine sensory, emotional, and intellectual inputs. Understanding how the brain facilitates this integration will provide insights into how creative communities can best support the development of higher-order creativity. Neuroimaging studies could explore how living in a creative community environment affects brain activity, particularly how somatic and cognitive processes are intertwined to produce innovative and emotionally resonant outputs.
Longitudinal Studies on Creative Communities:Â Instead of focusing solely on traditional educational outcomes, future research should assess the impact of immersive, community-based learning environments on individuals over time. Longitudinal studies could explore how participation in a creative community influences not just creative thinking and problem-solving skills, but also overall well-being, social cohesion, and resilience. These studies could track the development of individuals within such communities, examining how integrative approaches to learning, therapy, and work contribute to holistic human development.
The Evolution of Creativity in the Age of AI:Â As AI continues to handle more routine cognitive tasks, research should explore the new forms of creativity that emerge in response to these changes. Specifically, studies could investigate how creative communities adapt to and integrate AI, using it to enhance rather than replace human creativity. This research could examine the ways in which AI can support creative processes, such as by automating mundane tasks to allow more time for deep, innovative thinking, or by providing tools that expand the possibilities for creative expression within these communities.
Impact of Creative Communities on Societal Resilience:Â Another critical area of research is the role of creative communities in fostering societal resilience. Studies could explore how these communities act as models for sustainable living and problem-solving, particularly in the face of global challenges such as climate change, economic instability, and social fragmentation. Research could examine how the principles of Creative Intelligence applied within these communities lead to innovative solutions that benefit not only the community members but also the broader society.
The Intersection of Healing and Creativity:Â Research should also focus on how creative communities facilitate healing through creativity. This includes studying the therapeutic benefits of engaging in creative processes within a supportive community, particularly for the most sensitive and 2e individuals. By understanding the mechanisms through which creativity fosters healing, we can develop more effective methods for integrating therapy and creative practice in a way that maximizes human potential and well-being.
These new directions in research reflect the evolving understanding of creativity as a collective, integrative process that goes beyond individual achievement to encompass the well-being and resilience of entire communities. As we move forward, these insights will be crucial for designing environments that truly support human flourishing in an increasingly complex world.
Conclusion
The Creative Spectrum model provides a transformative lens through which to view creativity, especially in the context of neurodiversity. By aligning creativity with the empathy spectrum, this model emphasizes that creativity is not merely a collection of isolated skills but a dynamic, integrative process that becomes exponentially powerful when somatic, cognitive, and emotional intelligences are combined. This synergy, which leads to the development of Creative Intelligence, is crucial for individuals and communities striving to navigate and thrive in an increasingly complex and interconnected world.
As artificial intelligence continues to automate routine tasks, the ability to cultivate and harness Creative Intelligence will distinguish those who can drive innovation and human progress from those who merely adapt to technological change. The creation of environments—whether in education, therapy, or communal living—that support this integrative approach will be vital. It is especially important to protect and nurture highly sensitive and creative individuals, who often possess the deep empathy and innovative thinking needed to solve the complex challenges of the future.
By recognizing and nurturing the diverse forms of creativity outlined in the Creative Spectrum, particularly within creative communities, we can unlock the full potential of human creativity. This approach ensures that creativity remains a central force in shaping a future that is resilient, inclusive, and profoundly human. Furthermore, safeguarding the well-being and contributions of our most sensitive and creative members is not just an ethical imperative—it is essential for the survival and flourishing of humanity in the face of rapid and unpredictable change. Through this holistic and compassionate approach, we can build a future where everyone has the opportunity to thrive, and where the collective creativity of humanity drives progress for all.
Â
References
Armstrong, T. (2015). The myth of the normal brain: Embracing neurodiversity. AMA Journal of Ethics, 17(4), 348-352.
Austin, R. D., & Pisano, G. P. (2017). Neurodiversity as a competitive advantage. Harvard Business Review, 95(3), 96-103.
Brown, T. E. (2005). Attention Deficit Disorder: The Unfocused Mind in Children and Adults. Yale University Press.
Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W.W. Norton & Company.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. HarperCollins.
Diamond, A. (2000). Close interrelation of motor development and cognitive development and of the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. Child Development, 71(1), 44-56.
Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011). Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science, 333(6045), 959-964.
Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Random House.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. Basic Books.
Goldin-Meadow, S. (2009). Gesture’s role in learning and development. Mind, Brain, and Education, 3(4), 197-205.
Goldin-Meadow, S., Cook, S. W., & Mitchell, Z. A. (2009). Gesturing gives children new ideas about math. Psychological Science, 20(3), 267-272.
Grandin, T. (2006). Thinking in Pictures, Expanded Edition: My Life with Autism. Vintage.
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial Intelligence in Education: Promises and Implications for Teaching and Learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.
Jensen, E. (2005). Teaching with the Brain in Mind. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
Kahneman, D., & Klein, G. (2009). Conditions for intuitive expertise: A failure to disagree. American Psychologist, 64(6), 515.
Kaufman, S. B. (2018). Twice exceptional: Supporting and educating bright and creative students with learning difficulties. Oxford University Press.
Land, G. (1968). Creativity Test: Study conducted on the creativity of children.
Land, G. T., & Jarman, B. (1993). Breakpoint and Beyond: Mastering the Future Today. HarperBusiness.
Levine, P. A. (1997). Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma. North Atlantic Books.
Lindgren, R., & Johnson-Glenberg, M. (2013). Emboldened by embodiment: Six precepts for research on embodied learning and mixed reality. Educational Researcher, 42(8), 445-452.
Moravec, J. W. (2019). Emerging Education Futures: Experiences and Visions from the Field. Education Futures LLC.
Ogden, P., & Fisher, J. (2015). Sensorimotor Psychotherapy: Interventions for Trauma and Attachment. W.W. Norton & Company.
Ratey, J. J. (2008). Spark: The revolutionary new science of exercise and the brain. Little, Brown and Company.
Reeve, J., & Jang, H. (2006). What teachers say and do to support students’ autonomy during a learning activity: The motivating role of structure. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(1), 209-218.
Robinson, K. (2011). Out of Our Minds: Learning to Be Creative. Capstone Publishing Ltd.
Schwab, K. (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Crown Business.
Schwartz, J. M., & Begley, S. (2002). The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force. Harper Perennial
Senge, P. M. (2006). The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization. Doubleday.
Silverman, L. K. (2002). Upside-Down Brilliance: The Visual-Spatial Learner. DeLeon Publishing.
Sterman, J. D. (2002). All models are wrong: Reflections on becoming a systems scientist. System Dynamics Review, 18(4), 501-531.
Wilson, M. (2002). Six views of embodied cognition. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9(4), 625-636.
Â
Â
Comments